According to the data of transcriptome and quantitative PCR, the expression of Mitfa and its regulated genes which include the genes of Tyr, Tyrp1, Dct, Tfe3a, and Baxα, decreases with gray-to-red change. A part of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the signaling pathway of pigment synthesis, such as the melanogenesis genes ( Mitfa, Pax3a, Foxd3, Mc1r, Asip) tyrosine metabolism genes ( Tyr, Dct, Tyrp1, Silva, Tat, Hpda) and pteridine metabolism genes ( Gch, Xdh, Ptps, Tc). Bioinformatics analysis reveals that 2483, 2967, and 4473 unigenes are differentially expressed between CV and GC, RC and CV, and RC and GC, respectively. From the skins of GC, CV, and RC, 103,229 108,208 and 120,184 transcripts have been identified, respectively. In this study, skin transcriptomes of red crucian carp are first obtained for three different stages of body color development, named by gray-color (GC), color-variation (CV), and red-color (RC) stages, respectively. It has been found that the adult body color of this strain forms a gray-to-red change. ) is an ornamental fish with vivid red/orange color. Our results indicated that CPs could promote calcium uptake and regulate bone formation.Īlendronate calcium uptake collagen peptides (CPs) retinoic acid structural characterization.Red crucian carp ( Carassius auratus red var. Structural characterization demonstrated that Glu, Lys, and Arg play important roles in binding calcium and promoting calcium uptake. The morphology results indicated bone structure improved after the treatment with CPs. In addition, the bone mineral density in the 600 mg of CPs/kg group was significantly higher (femur, 0.37 ± 0.02 g/cm 2 tibia, 0.33 ± 0.02 g/cm 2) than in the model group (femur, 0.26 ± 0.01 g/cm 2 tibia, 0.23 ± 0.02 g/cm 2). After treatment with 600 mg of CPs/kg, the bone calcium content significantly increased by 22% (femur) and 12.38% (tibia) compared to those of the model group. After treatment with 6 mg of CPs/kg, the level of BALP decreased to 85.26 ± 7.35 and 97.03 ± 7.21 units/L, respectively. The level of serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in the model group (117.65 ± 4.66 units/L) was significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P < 0.05). The effects of collagen peptides (CPs), which are derived from crucian skin, were investigated in a retinoic acid-induced bone loss model.
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